I ka hana ʻoki ʻana metala, e loaʻa nā ʻano mea hana like ʻole, ʻokoʻa nā mea ʻokoʻa kona ʻoki ʻana a me nā ʻano hoʻoneʻe ʻokoʻa, pehea mākou e haku ai i nā ʻano o nā mea like ʻole?Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea metala maʻamau ISO i 6 mau pūʻulu ʻano like ʻole, kēlā me kēia mea he mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka machinability a e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o kēia ʻatikala.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea metala i 6 mau ʻāpana:
(1) P-mea kila
(2) M-mea hao hao
(3) K-mea hao
(4) N- metala hao ʻole
(5) S- Heat resistant alloy
(6) H-paʻa kila
He aha ke kila?
- ʻO ke kila ka hui waiwai nui loa ma ke kahua o ka ʻoki metala.
- Hiki i ke kila ke hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ke kila wela (ka paʻakikī a hiki i 400HB).
- ʻO ke kila he huila me ka hao (Fe) ma ke ʻano nui.Hana ʻia ia ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.
- Loaʻa i ke kila unalloyed kahi kalapona ma lalo o 0.8%, Fe wale nō a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO ka mea kalapona o ke kila kila ma lalo o 1.7%, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui, e like me Ni, Cr, Mo, V, W, etc.
- Haʻahaʻa kalapona maʻiʻo = paʻakikī viscous mea.
- Kokoke kalapona kiʻekiʻe = mea maʻalahi.
Nā ʻano hana:
- Lahui puolo loloa.
- He maʻalahi a maʻalahi ka mana Chip.
- Paʻa ke kila māmā a pono i ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻoi.
- Manaʻo ʻoki ʻāpana kc: 1500~3100 N/mm².
- ʻO ka ikaika ʻoki a me ka mana e pono ai e hoʻoponopono i nā mea ISO P aia i loko o ka palena palena o nā waiwai.
He aha ke kila kila?
- ʻO ke kila kila he mea hao me ka liʻiliʻi o 11% ~ 12% chromium.
- He haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻike kalapona (e like me ka 0.01% Max).
- ʻO ka nui o nā alloys ʻo Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum) a me Ti (titanium).
- Hoʻokumu i kahi papa paʻa o Cr2O3 ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kila, e pale ai i ka ʻino.
I ka hui M, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noi i loko o ka aila a me ke kinoea, ka paipu paipu, nā flanges, ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻoihana lāʻau.
Hoʻokumu ka mea i nā ʻāpana like ʻole, flaky a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻoki ʻana ma mua o ke kila maʻamau.Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kila kila.ʻOkoʻa ka hana ʻoki ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu (mai ka maʻalahi a aneane hiki ʻole ke wāwahi i nā ʻāpana) ma muli o nā ʻano huila a me ka mālama wela.
Nā ʻano hana:
- Lahui puolo loloa.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mana chip i ka austenite a me ka biphase.
- Manaʻo ʻoki ʻāpana: 1800~2850 N/mm².
- Ka ikaika ʻoki kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka chip, ka wela a me ka paʻakikī o ka hana i ka wā mīkini.
He aha ka hao?
ʻEkolu mau ʻano nui o ka hao: hao hina hina (GCI), hao nodular (NCI) a me vermicular cast iron (CGI).
- Hoʻohui nui ʻia ka hao hao me Fe-C, me kahi maʻi silika kiʻekiʻe (1% ~ 3%).
- ʻOi aku ka nui o ka carbon ma mua o 2%, ʻo ia ka solubility nui loa o C i ka pae austenite.
- Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Cr (chromium), Mo (molybdenum) a me V (vanadium) e hana i nā carbide, hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī akā e hōʻemi ana i ka machinability.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hui K i nā ʻāpana kaʻa, ka hana mīkini a me ka hana hao.
He ʻokoʻa ka hana ʻana o nā mea, mai nā ʻāpana pauda a hiki i nā ʻāpana lōʻihi.He liʻiliʻi ka mana e pono ai no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pūʻulu waiwai.
E hoʻomaopopo he ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka hao hina hina (ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau e like me ka pauka) a me ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ductile, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haki ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu me ke kila.
Nā ʻano hana:
- Mea ʻoki pōkole pōkole.
- Ka mana chip maikaʻi i nā kūlana hana āpau.
- Manaʻo ʻoki ʻāpana: 790~1350 N/mm².
- Loaʻa ka ʻaʻahu abrasive i ka wā e mīkini ai i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe.
- Ka ikaika ʻoki ma waena.
He aha nā mea non-ferrous?
- Loaʻa i kēia māhele nā metala non-ferrous, nā metala palupalu me ka paʻakikī ma lalo o 130HB.
ʻO nā mea hao hao ʻole (Al) me kahi kokoke i 22% silika (Si) ka hapa nui loa.
- keleawe, keleawe, keleawe.
ʻO nā mea hana mokulele a me nā mea hana o nā huila kaʻa alumini kaʻa kaʻa i ka Group N.
ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa ka mana i koi ʻia no kēlā me kēia mm³ (ʻīniha kubiko), pono nō e helu i ka mana kiʻekiʻe i koi ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka helu hoʻoneʻe metala kiʻekiʻe.
Nā ʻano hana:
- Lahui puolo loloa.
- Inā he alloy, maʻalahi ka mana chip.
- Pili nā metala ʻole (Al) a pono e hoʻohana i nā kihi ʻoki ʻoi.
- Ka ikaika ʻoki ʻāpana: 350~700 N/mm².
- ʻO ka ʻoki ʻoki a me ka mana e koi ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ISO N aia i loko o ka palena palena o nā waiwai.
He aha ka mea hao pale wela?
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pale wela (HRSA) he nui nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hao, nickel, cobalt a i ʻole titanium.
- Pūʻulu: hao, nickel, cobalt.
- Nā kūlana hana: annealing, solution heat treatment, aging treatment, rolling, forging, casting.
Nā hiʻohiʻona:
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka maʻiʻo huila (ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka kobalt ma mua o ka nickel) e hōʻoia i ka pale ʻana i ka wela, ʻoi aku ka ikaika tensile a me ke kūpaʻa ʻoi aʻe.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea S-group, paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana i ka aerospace, gas turbine a me nā ʻoihana generator.
He ākea ka laula, akā aia nā mana ʻoki kiʻekiʻe.
Nā ʻano hana:
- Lahui puolo loloa.
- Paʻakikī ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka chip (nā ʻāpana ʻōpala).
- Pono ʻia kahi Angle mua maikaʻi ʻole no nā seramika a koi ʻia ka Angle mua maikaʻi no ka carbide cemented.
- Puke ʻoki ʻāpana:
No nā huila pale wela: 2400~3100 N/mm².
No ka huila titanium: 1300~1400 N/mm².
- Pono ka ikaika oki kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana.
He aha ke kila paakiki?
- Mai kahi ʻano kaʻina hana, ʻo ke kila paʻakikī kekahi o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi loa.
- Aia i loko o kēia pūʻulu nā mea kila me ka paʻakikī> 45 a 65HRC.
- Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka laulā paʻakikī o nā ʻāpana paʻakikī e hoʻohuli ʻia ma waena o 55 a me 68HRC.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kila paʻakikī i ka Group H i nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka ʻoihana kaʻa a me kāna mau subcontractors, a me ka hana ʻana i ka mīkini a me nā hana mold.
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula maʻamau.ʻO kēia wela kiʻekiʻe e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka waiwai kc1, he mea nui ia e kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia noi.
Nā ʻano hana:
- Lahui puolo loloa.
- ʻO ka mana chip maikaʻi.
- Koi ʻino mua Angle.
- Manaʻo ʻoki ʻāpana: 2550~4870 N/mm².
- Pono ka ikaika oki kiʻekiʻe a me ka mana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-24-2023